Redresser les torts : l’abolitionnisme et le contrôle de la criminalité

In this article 'abolitionism' will be discussed as a social movement, a theoretical perspective, and a political strategy. Strategies for penal reform will be dealt with and the implications of the abolitionist perspective for crime control will be discussed. As a theoretical perspective, abolitionism takes on the twofold task of providing a radical critique of the criminal justice system while showing that there are other, more rational ways of dealing with crime. It will be argued that what is needed is a wide variety o social responses rather than a uniform state reaction to the problem of crime. Therefore, a reconceptualization of the notions of crime and punishment is offered in the form of the concept of redress. In policy terms it is claimed that social policy instead of crime policy is needed in dealing with the social problems and conflicts that are currently singled as the problem of crime

Rapid development of intestinal cell damage following severe trauma: a prospective observational cohort study

Introduction Loss of intestinal integrity has been implicated as an important contributor to the development of excessive inflammation following severe trauma. Thus far, clinical data concerning the occurrence and significance of intestinal damage after trauma remain scarce. This study investigates whether early intestinal epithelial cell damage occurs in trauma patients and, if present, whether such cell injury is related to shock, injury severity and the subsequent inflammatory response. Methods Prospective observational cohort study in 96 adult trauma patients. Upon arrival at the emergency room (ER) plasma levels of intestinal fatty acid binding protein (i-FABP), a specific marker for damage of differentiated enterocytes, were measured. Factors that potentially influence the development of intestinal cell damage after trauma were determined, including the presence of shock and the extent of abdominal trauma and general injury severity. Furthermore, early plasma levels of i-FABP were related to inflammatory markers interleukin-6 (IL-6), procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Results Upon arrival at the ER, plasma i-FABP levels were increased compared with healthy volunteers, especially in the presence of shock (P < 0.01). The elevation of i-FABP was related to the extent of abdominal trauma as well as general injury severity (P < 0.05). Circulatory i-FABP concentrations at ER correlated positively with IL-6 and PCT levels at the first day (r2 = 0.19; P < 0.01 and r2 = 0.36; P < 0.001 respectively) and CRP concentrations at the second day after trauma (r2 = 0.25; P < 0.01). Conclusions This study reveals early presence of intestinal epithelial cell damage in trauma patients. The extent of intestinal damage is associated with the presence of shock and injury severity. Early intestinal damage precedes and is related to the subsequent developing inflammatory response

Gezonde, robuuste bodem en teeltsystemen gebaseerd op agro-ecologie en zonder schadelijke emissies naar grond- en oppervlaktewater

Aanleiding: missie gedreven innovatie. Het Ministerie van LNV heeft zes missies gedefinieerd om de maatschappelijke opgaven voor het thema Landbouw, Water, Voedsel aan te pakken. Eén daarvan is Gezonde, robuuste bodem en teeltsystemen gebaseerd op agro-ecologie en zonder emissies naar grond- en oppervlaktewater. De missies geven ambities voor kennis en innovatie: zij moeten prikkelen tot ambitieus onderzoek en doorslaggevende innovaties. Het Ministerie wil een goed beeld te krijgen van: het voor de missie noodzakelijke onderzoek, van lopende initiatieven, van betrokken partijen, en van beschikbare kennis. De maatschappelijke relevantie van dit onderwerp is groot, wat blijkt uit de recentelijk gepubliceerde “Toekomstvisie Gewasbescherming 2030 naar weerbare planten en teeltsystemen”, EU Kaderrichtlijn Water, het Deltaplan Biodiversiteit en de door de sectoren geformuleerde ambities en actieplannen op dit onderwerp (Actieplan Plantgezondheid)

Effect van organische stofbeheer op opbrengst, bodemkwaliteit en stikstofverliezen op een zuidelijke zandgrond : Resultaten van de gangbare bedrijfssystemen van het project Bodemkwaliteit op zand in de periode 2011-2016

In het bedrijfssysteemonderzoek Bodemkwaliteit op zand op WUR-proeflocatie Vredepeel worden twee gangbare bedrijfssystemen met elkaar vergeleken gedurende de periode 2011-2016: één systeem met een gebruikelijke organische stofaanvoer met gebruik van drijfmest (STANDAARD) en één systeem met een lage organische stofaanvoer met gebruik van meststoffen zonder of met een laag gehalte organische stof (LAAG). Systeem LAAG heeft een 5% lagere totale droge stofproductie (p<0,05) en een lager risico op stikstofuitspoeling. De nitraatconcentraties in het grondwater (n.s.), de N-min voorraden in de bodem in het najaar (p<0,1), en het stikstofoverschot (n.s.) zijn in LAAG in alle gevallen lager dan STANDAARD. In beide systemen ligt de nitraatconcentratie in het grondwater boven de norm in de Europese nitraatrichtlijn (50 mg/l). Het organisch stofgehalte in LAAG is 0,4%-punt lager dan STANDAARD (p<0,01). Andere bodemparameters zijn in de loop van de tijd van de proef niet veranderd. Er kon geen duidelijk verband afgeleid worden tussen de aanvoer van organische stof en lachgasemissies. Aanvoer van extra organische stof in de vorm van compost in zowel LAAG als STANDAARD leidt tot hogere opbrengsten (n.s.), met name in systeem LAAG, maar geen verhoging van de uitspoeling. De opbrengsten in STANDAARD liggen gemiddeld 15% lager dan de praktijkopbrengsten op de proeflocatie, mogelijk veroorzaakt door de strikte bemestingsstrategie sinds de start van het bedrijfssystemenonderzoek in 1988. Met de indicaties voor lagere stikstofverliezen, hoewel nog steeds boven de nitraatnorm, bij een lagere aanvoer van organische stof, maar tegelijkertijd lagere opbrengsten geeft dit onderzoek een dilemma weer tussen een belangrijk milieuaspect en de economie van het boerenbedrijf

EEHV1A glycoprotein B subunit vaccine elicits humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in mice

Asian elephants are an endangered species facing many threats, including severe hemorrhagic disease (HD) caused by the elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV). EEHV-HD is the leading cause of death in captive juvenile Asian elephants in North America and Europe, and also affects elephants in their natural range countries. Significant challenges exist for successful treatment of EEHV-HD, which include timely recognition of disease onset and limited availability of highly effective treatment options. To address this problem, our goal is to prevent lethal disease in young elephants by developing a vaccine that elicits robust and durable humoral and cell-mediated immunity against EEHV. EEHV glycoprotein B (gB) is a major target for cellular and humoral immunity in elephants previously exposed to EEHV. Therefore, we generated a vaccine containing recombinant EEHV1A gB together with a liposome formulated TLR-4 and saponin combination adjuvant (SLA-LSQ). CD-1 mice that received one or two vaccinations with the vaccine elicited significant anti-gB antibody and polyfunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses, while no adverse effects of vaccination were observed. Overall, our findings demonstrate that an adjuvanted gB protein subunit vaccine stimulates robust humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and supports its potential use in elephants

EEHV1A glycoprotein B subunit vaccine elicits humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in mice

DATA AVAILABILITY : Data will be made available on request.Asian elephants are an endangered species facing many threats, including severe hemorrhagic disease (HD) caused by the elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV). EEHV-HD is the leading cause of death in captive juvenile Asian elephants in North America and Europe, and also affects elephants in their natural range countries. Significant challenges exist for successful treatment of EEHV-HD, which include timely recognition of disease onset and limited availability of highly effective treatment options. To address this problem, our goal is to prevent lethal disease in young elephants by developing a vaccine that elicits robust and durable humoral and cell-mediated immunity against EEHV. EEHV glycoprotein B (gB) is a major target for cellular and humoral immunity in elephants previously exposed to EEHV. Therefore, we generated a vaccine containing recombinant EEHV1A gB together with a liposome formulated TLR-4 and saponin combination adjuvant (SLA-LSQ). CD-1 mice that received one or two vaccinations with the vaccine elicited significant anti-gB antibody and polyfunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses, while no adverse effects of vaccination were observed. Overall, our findings demonstrate that an adjuvanted gB protein subunit vaccine stimulates robust humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and supports its potential use in elephants.The Cytometry and Cell Sorting Core at Baylor College of Medicine with funding from the CPRIT Core Facility Support Award, the NIH, the International Elephant Foundation (IEF) and Houston Zoo and funds acquired via Named Fund Friends of VetMed to the Utrecht University EEHV research group.http://www.elsevier.com/locate/vaccineam2023Veterinary Tropical Disease

The Clinical Promise of Biomarkers of Synapse Damage or Loss in Alzheimer’s Disease

BACKGROUND: Synapse damage and loss are fundamental to the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and lead to reduced cognitive function. The goal of this review is to address the challenges of forging new clinical development approaches for AD therapeutics that can demonstrate reduction of synapse damage or loss. The key points of this review include the following: Synapse loss is a downstream effect of amyloidosis, tauopathy, inflammation, and other mechanisms occurring in AD.Synapse loss correlates most strongly with cognitive decline in AD because synaptic function underlies cognitive performance.Compounds that halt or reduce synapse damage or loss have a strong rationale as treatments of AD.Biomarkers that measure synapse degeneration or loss in patients will facilitate clinical development of such drugs.The ability of methods to sensitively measure synapse density in the brain of a living patient through synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, concentrations of synaptic proteins (e.g., neurogranin or synaptotagmin) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), or functional imaging techniques such as quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) provides a compelling case to use these types of measurements as biomarkers that quantify synapse damage or loss in clinical trials in AD. CONCLUSION: A number of emerging biomarkers are able to measure synapse injury and loss in the brain and may correlate with cognitive function in AD. These biomarkers hold promise both for use in diagnostics and in the measurement of therapeutic successes